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Development as unfreedom: Shrinking democratic spaces in Asia
Irrawaddy - November 16, 2016
Amartya Sen in his acclaimed book "Development as Freedom" defined development as the expansion of human freedoms and capabilities. However, the biggest paradox among most of the countries in the Asia-Pacific region is that there is a new stress on an economic development model that often leads to "unfreedoms" and economic and social inequality. Therein, the freedoms of people, particularly those belonging to poor and marginalized groups, are increasingly compromised.
There is also a resurgence in discrimination and the repression of the voices of dissent and democracy in several parts of the region. China, the biggest economy in the world, in many ways indicates the rise of "unfreedoms" in the most evident manner, despite economic development. While many countries in the Asia-Pacific region have witnessed unprecedented economic growth, it has also paradoxically increased the social and economic inequalities, marginalization of religious and ethnic minorities and the shrinking of democratic spaces.
Within a new nexus of political and economic elites, there is an elite capture of the government. This rise of crony capitalism often leads to the destruction and degradation of the environment, displacement of the poor, and marginalization of people from their traditional lands and livelihoods. The economic growth-centric development model often perpetuates inequality, injustice and the violation of human rights and tends to create violence and conflict, undermining freedom and human capability.
The politics of hate, exclusion and violence adversely affect freedom and human rights in the region. As per the estimates of FORUM-ASIA, 16 human rights activists were killed in different parts of the Asia in the past year. From 2013-2014, FORUM-ASIA documented 324 violation and abuses against human rights activists in the region. Hundreds of human rights activists receive threats from government agencies as well as non-state actors, religious fanatics and those who preach and practice the politics of fear and violence.
In the last year alone there have been 108 cases of government harassment and criminalization. The UN estimated that 45 percent of 156 human rights defenders killed worldwide in 2015 were defenders of environmental, land and indigenous people's rights. Many countries such as Cambodia, Bangladesh, Maldives, South Korea, and Thailand have adopted restrictive laws that violate the right to association and the ability of civil society to function without fear or favor. Many of the organizations are denied their right to raise resources.
There is an increasing threat to free media and also a targeting of the journalists who expose corruption and human rights violations. In many countries, right to information activists, bloggers and writers are specifically targeted by non-state actors, mafias and religious fanatics.
These occurrences are not restricted to specific countries and examples of the same can be seen across the continent. For example, in India, academics and journalists are targeted by the police for writing on human rights or conducting investigations on human rights violations, while also bearing the brunt of rising religious fundamentalism.
In Pakistan, minority communities and activists are specifically targeted by discriminatory laws and non-state as well as religious, fanatics, often sacrificing their lives in the defense of their basic human rights.
In Bangladesh, the spate of killings of bloggers and journalists has handicapped the freedom to express and smothered the right to dissent. In Cambodia, four well-known human rights defenders are in jail being punished for what the UN believes to be a set of rights that are inviolable and universal.
In March 2016, the UN Human Rights Council passed resolution 31/32, reiterating "the urgent need to respect, protect, promote and facilitate the work of those defending economic, social and cultural rights as a vital factor contributing towards the realization of those rights, including as they relate to environmental and land issues and development."
The United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Defenders recognizes the legitimacy of the work of human rights defenders, as well as their need for better protection. Human rights defenders include civil society activists, professional as well as non-professional human rights workers, journalists, lawyers and anyone who works to protect and promote human rights in a peaceful manner.
The UN Declaration also codifies the international standards that protect the activities of human rights defenders. As per the Declaration, the protected activities of human rights defenders include the right to development and discuss human rights ideas and to advocate their acceptance; the right to criticize government bodies and agencies and to make proposals to improve their accountability and functioning; and the right to provide legal assistance and support in defense of human rights; the right to observe fair trials; the right to communicate with the non-governmental and intergovernmental organizations and right to access resources for the protection of human rights.
Despite the larger legitimacy of the UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, human rights and environmental activists and organizations are often at the receiving end of persecution by the government or religious fanatics or both. The increasingly shrill rhetoric on "national security" and "national interests" promoted by corporate and government-controlled media houses often targets all human rights defenders and activists as "anti-national" or as working against the country's development.
It is in this period of uncertainty and shrinking civil society space that we must further promote the UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders. The 7th Asian Regional Human Rights Defenders Forum – taking place from Nov. 14-16 in Sri Lanka – will not only help to build solidarity across Asia but also help reclaim the spaces for freedom, human rights and justice in the region.
[John Samuel is the Executive Director of the Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA).]
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